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For hundreds of years the Iga group of Ninja were the major force in ninjutsu. Smaller groups existed in other parts of Japan, but in the Sengoku era Ninja groups sprang up throughout Japan. Within these groups of spies, saboteurs, and killers, there developed two super groups: the Iga of Mie prefecture and the deadly Koga of Shiga prefecture. Not surprisingly, Shiga is next to Mie prefecture in southern Japan. The Koga and Iga inhabited the same mountain range, in two valleys divided by a mountain. Completely isolated from the outside world, they lived as farmers and were sought after by the locals for medicine, herbs, weather forecasting, and agriculture help.
In time there were great generals who gradually unified Japan. These leaders such as Oda Nobunaga, Takeda Shingen, and possibly the greatest general in Japanese history Tokugawa Ieyasu all employed the Ninja to help control the country through a complex spy network.
The Koga Ninja consisted of fifty-three families. They specialized in medicines and explosives and developed many of the tools and weapons used by the Ninja. Though small in number, they were an elite force and became the second most famous group, besides the Iga, in the annals of ninjutsu. Based near Kyoto, they were recruited by the great leaders of Japan as counselors and military strategists.
In 1600 the Koga rescued lord Tokugawa from an assassination attempt by rival Ninja. They made a dummy of Lord Tokugawa, filled it with explosives, and placed it in Tokugawa's carriage. Then, acting as personal escort, they made it known that Tokugawa was on the move through enemy territory. This diversionary tactic succeeded when the false carriage was attacked by the enemy and all the Koga Ninja killed, giving the real carriage with Tokugawa precious time to escape.
In time Tokugawa became the shogun of Japan. He moved the capital from Kyoto to Edo, now called Tokyo, and took three hundred ninja with him from both Koga and Iga to be her personal bodyguards.
And under Tokugawa there began a reign of peace that lasted for 300 years. As the years passed the need for Ninja's declined and the number of men willing to endure the intense training needed to become a ninja declined as well because these young men did not want to just become gardeners for Lord Tokugawa. This was the decline of the powerful Ninjas from Japans proud history.
The history of Japan is very interesting and strong. For a small country surrounded by water they were very dedicated in their beliefs and ways of life.
http://realninjaweapons.blogspot.com/
Sleeping Medications: Do You Know the Latest Warnings on Their Labels?
You would have been bombarded by television commercials and print ads about the wonders of the new sleeping medications. However, you wouldn’t have been confronted with strong warnings either of their potential risks.
Multiple adverse reports have emerged ever since the introduction of the non-benzodiazepines (NBZ) class of drugs in the 1990s. These include the highly advertised Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata and Remeron. Although the NBZs eventually replaced the older class of drugs as the first line treatment of insomnia, they seem just as likely to cause amnesia and erratic behavior. It appears that reports of sleep-eating and sleep-driving on Ambien are reminiscent of problems nearly 20 years ago with Halcion, which was banned in some countries.
As of last year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required manufacturers to not just include strong warnings in the labels but also develop warning guides for distribution with virtually all hypnotic sedative sleeping medications. These Patient Medication Guides are handouts given to patients, families and caregivers when the sleeping medication is dispensed.
"There are a number of prescription sleep aids available that are well-tolerated and effective for many people," said Steven Galson, M.D., MPH, director of FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "However, after reviewing the available post-marketing adverse event information for these products, FDA concluded that labeling changes are necessary to inform health care providers and consumers about risks."
The warnings are about the following potential adverse events:
- Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction).
- Angioedema (severe facial swelling).
- Sleep-driving.
- Preparing and eating food while asleep.
- Making phone calls while asleep.
Allergic reactions can occur as early as the first time the sleeping medication is taken.
The sleeping medications that are the focus of the revised labeling include the following 13 products:
-Ambien/Ambien CR (Sanofi Aventis)
-Butisol Sodium (Medpointe Pharm HLC)
-Carbrital (Parke-Davis)
-Dalmane (Valeant Pharm)
-Doral (Questcor Pharms)
-Halcion (Pharmacia & Upjohn)
-Lunesta (Sepracor)
-Placidyl (Abbott)
-Prosom (Abbott)
-Restoril (Tyco Healthcare)
-Rozerem (Takeda)
-Seconal (Lilly)
-Sonata (King Pharmaceuticals)
The problems that arose were worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for International Drug Monitoring received 867 reports from 24 countries of people encountering amnesia, often coupled with confusion, agitation and other behavior disturbances, while taking the new sleeping medications, like Lunesta and Ambien, through March, 2007.
A graphic artist in New London, Wis., said she thought she was sleeping well on Ambien but woke to find her wrist broken, apparently in a fall while sleepwalking, she wrote in an e-mail exchange. There were others who have gone on eating binges like the case of a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved,” according to the report.
Others have driven their cars and engaged in other activities that they later cannot remember. The Wall Street Journal relates one story of a woman who painted her front door in her sleep, and in some cases, people have had serious car accidents and even set fire to their homes while in the seemingly-hypnotic state sometimes caused by the drugs.
Although all sedative-hypnotic sleeping medications have these risks, there may be differences among products in how often they occur. For this reason, FDA has asked that the drug manufacturers conduct clinical studies to investigate the frequency with which sleep-driving and other complex behaviors occur with their respective products.
About the Author
Find out more solutions for your sleeplessness with OTC Sleep Aids: A Quick Overview or read the Fast Guide To 5 Popular Natural OTC Sleep Aids.
You will also find other researched information on insomnia treatment at www.OTC-Sleep-Aids.com
Biotech Stocks: Alexza sinks on offering; Affymax rallies
Alexza Pharmaceutical sink in early trading after it announces it has agreed to sell approximately $18 million in stock and warrants to a group of institutional investors.
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