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Porcelain Copper
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Porcelain Inlays and Onlays
As cosmetic dentistry becomes more popular, more dentists are offering porcelain inlays and onlays as alternatives to metal fillings. If you've ever looked at tooth whitening products in a drug store, and wished your teeth were brighter and whiter, then this article may be a great help to you.
Porcelain inlays and onlays are porcelain fillings and are a quality offering of cosmetic dentists. Unlike metal fillings, they can't be seen when you smile or laugh. Only you and your dentist know that they're there. They're pearly white like the teeth they fill. If you have some old metal fillings, you can have them replaced by porcelain inlays and onlays.
How do inlays differ from onlays?
An inlay is smaller than an onlay. As its name suggests, it lies within the tooth cusps (those small bumps on the top tooth surface). It fills a smaller cavity. An onlay extends over the top of one or more cusps, filling a larger cavity that involved a side tooth surface as well as the top.
The beauty of dental porcelain
Tooth enamel and dental porcelain are both translucent and react with light in similar ways. A translucent substance allows light to travel through it. The light that enters tooth enamel is reflected back off the tooth layer below, the dentin, which is yellow. Light entering porcelain is reflected back off the dental cement used to attach it to the tooth. In both cases, the result is the pearly-white shine we associate with healthy teeth.
Today's cosmetic dentists use porcelain for crowns and veneers as well as for inlays and onlays. If you have a mouthful of gold crowns and metal fillings, you potentially have an astounding dental transformation ahead of you because they can all be replaced by sturdy white porcelain.
Advantages of inlays and onlays over metal fillings
· They strengthen the tooth they fill because they're permanently bonded to it. Metal fillings are not. Porcelain fillings hold the tooth together, pulling on the surfaces they're bonded to. Metal fillings push outwards against the tooth's periphery because they're packed tightly into the cavity. They gradually weaken the tooth, and can cause it to crack.
· They do not react to hot and cold substances in the mouth. Metal fillings do. The ingredients of metal amalgam are about half mercury, with smaller amounts of copper, tin and silver, and a trace of zinc. This mix is reactive to heat and cold, expanding and contracting slightly with each hot or cold thing in the mouth. This puts repeated stress on the tooth, again weakening it over time.
· They will never loosen or fall out. As metal fillings age, they can loosen, but porcelain inlays and onlays are completely bonded to the tooth. They're part of the tooth and will remain so indefinitely.
· They look attractive. The porcelain used is matched to your teeth in exact shade of white. The best dental labs even use several shades of porcelain in the same dental restoration, because tooth enamel, if you look closely, has subtle variations in shades of white. And the porcelain, like the enamel, shines in the light, giving you a young-looking, healthy smile.
· Tooth whitening should be done before porcelain restorations, if possible. Then your cosmetic dentist can match the porcelain to your new bright white.
About the Author
If you live in the Dallas area, please visit the website of cosmetic and neuromuscular dentist Dr. Gary Alhadef today to learn more about how cosmetic dentistry can change your look and your life.
question about electrochemistry (galvnic cells)?
For the lab we had to make a galvanic cell, we had Cu(NO3)2 in a porcelain cup and inside that solution was a copper rod. Fe(NO3)2 was in a beaker and iron rod was in that solution.
Q:What would happen to the voltage if you added a sodium sulfide solution to the copper solution? What about if sodium sulfide was added to the iron solution?
The half-cell potential is, according to the Nernst equation,
. . E = E0 - (RT/nF) ln Q
Diluting the electrolyte by adding sodium sulfide changes Q, which changes the half cell potential. The overall cell potential is
. . E = [ Eox - (RT/nF) ln Qox ] + [Ered - (RT/nF) ln Qred]
At the anode, Mox --> Mox++ + 2e-, so Q = [Mox++]; diluting the anode electrolyte increases the cell potential.
At the cathode, Mred++ + 2e- --> Mred, so Q = 1/[Mred++]; diluting the cathode electrolyte increases the cell potential.
In each case, diluting the electrolyte pushes equilibrium to the right.
(The reduction potential of Na+ is -2.7V, in case you had any funny ideas.)
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Sculpture Center presents exhibit 'After the Pedestal'
Now in its sixth year, the "After the Pedestal" exhibit at the Sculpture Center in Cleveland spotlights "smaller sculpture" (ranging in size from 1 inch to 3 feet high) by 17 artists from Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan. Diverse as the exhibition is, the overall quality of the works on view is exceptional.
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