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Hindu Art
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Terracotta, the first creative expression of civilization, man's first attempt at craftsmanship. Terracotta, a form of art that is considered magical in ancient India for its atavistic nature which incorporates five elements - earth, water, air, fire and ether.
Terracotta is basically a ceramic. Etymologically Italian, terracotta means "baked earth" or "fired earth". But the term 'terracotta' is also used to refer to the particulars made out of it. The craft of terra cotta involves using clay to prepare reddish brown unglazed earthenware firing it through a very high temperature. The reddish brown color is basically because of the presence of iron. Other colors include yellow, grey and pink.
The history of sculptor and pottery started with terracotta. From the petty earthen pot for the trivialities of daily use to the idols they worship, terra cotta occupied an important place in the lives of the people of ancient India, without which life would come to a stand-still for them. In the Indian sub continent terracotta art bears testimony to the varied and ancient traditions of its practice over five millennia. Harrappa and Mohenjodaro civilization bears the evidences of the antiquity of the craft terracotta.
But the domain of the craft of terracotta is not confined only to India. The art of terracotta has defined a culture for generations in Imprunetta of Italy where the craft is still blooming. Beginning in the 15th century and continuing through the 18th, Italian sculptors raised terra cotta to a status of indomitable fame in the house of European creative art. The terracotta stuff handcrafted by them has the exquisity and antique traditions respecting the cultural and professional continuity of the art.
Among other countries making extensive use of the art of terracotta are China, England, France, America and Africa (west). The Terracotta Army of China (the terra cotta soldiers), the Abduction of Hippodameia (from Greek mythology) in France, and the two buildings of Victorian Birmingham in England bear testimonial of this antique art of terra cotta.
The craft of terracotta in India is an epitome of religious expression conveyed through clay. Molded clay is converted to masks and murals capturing the sculptor's imagination. Nevertheless, always existing outside the rigid rules of the constituted Hindu canons governing artistic expression, the art of terracotta enjoys enormous freedom in terms of imagination and conception which lead to the parturition of a wide variety of sculptures with the tag of 'beauty and ethnicity' attached to it, for good. In the world scenario, the most famous terracotta sculptures are those of the Terracotta Warriors in China.
The basic features which are still holding the millions of years old craft of terra cotta and which lead to its flourishing success yet are the simplicity of the process and its eco-friendliness. The simpler process of creating a finished product and the reusable mold-making techniques places it on a higher position to bronze sculpture. As compared to the stone works like marble, terracotta products are far lighter. Hence, terracotta bells and terracotta clocks could be easily put anywhere as compared to the marble ones.
A village in India without a potter creating miracles of terracotta would be a long search, may be a never-ending one. Products for daily use, decorative items like murals, masks, clocks, bells, tiles, pots, molded bricks, sculptures in temples...the range of terracotta products is a wide one. The fable of rich Mother Earth, imparts the medium, terracotta, with such a high degree of mouldability and adaptability that beauty of form, color and texture varies across the length and breadth of the country, and across the world.
The mask culture dating back to the pre-historic rock paintings of 3000 B.C. has traveled down the ages and is still alive in the form of terra cotta masks. Tribal terracotta masks still form a part of their community celebrations. Handmade terra cotta masks depict myriad expression. Decorative small terracotta bells and clocks, terra cotta masks and murals, placed anywhere, or mounted in beveled glass, make an interesting statement in itself.
The presence of terracotta tiles gives an earthy and countryside look, and adds simplicity with elegance to the interiors, used wheresoever. Terra cotta tiles can be used in the foyer, living room, family room, terrace, balcony, corridors......any place where you want the earthy feeling, the feeling of the five basic elements of life. Terra cotta tiles can be used as paintings or wall hangings. A terracotta tile mounted to a simple creamy background, focused with good yellow lighting can create magical effect.
Terracotta murals are a rage now. Making an attractive visual focal point in a room, terra cotta murals can adorn both exteriors and interiors. Adding a terra cotta mural to our living room, where we can entertain friends can be a fantastic idea to earn compliments!
Also known as 'waterproof ceramic', terracotta springs from earth, air, water and fire, the elements comprising the universe. Its antiquity, its beauty, its adaptability and its simplicity earned terra cotta the famous tag of the "Lyric of Handicraft".
Information on Various Forms of Indian Theater Arts
India is a mother country, which has given birth to various kinds of Theater Arts like Yakshagana, puppetry and dance. Yakshagana is a different type of play where it depicts religious stories along with the help of dialogue delivery, music, song and dance. A puppeteer used painted figures made out of deer or goatskin, generally, which are moved by the threads and chain bonded to them. Dances have players conveying a situation with facial gesture in synchronize with a singer telling the story along with music applying musical instruments such as veena and tabla. Since facial expressions play a critical function, eyes are being highlighted, because they're the fundamental in this case of theater art.
Yakshagana” is a Sanskritic language word for Celebration of the celestials. The theater art includes drama, song and dance. It fundamentally originated as a folk art. The actors generally lead a nomadic life, traveling from one village to some other with their luggage. They used to stay in temples at nighttime and adjusting their stage for the next day. Villagers gather the next day to watch this group of 15-20 male actors acting. Epics of Hindu mythology are enacted applying make-up and colorful dresses up. As no females are a part of this pack, the male dress up wearing female attire, too enacts womanly characters. The performing artists are required to execute throughout the day and some times throughout the nighttime also, for which they should need loads of staying power for the preceding of the play through the night. The mythological figures are known as “Kimpurushas”, lead actor called “Kattu-veshas” and the so-called villains are known as “Kiratas”. The audiences aren’t expected to pay anything for this entertainment; the actors are offered money with the temple funds for a living.T
he people to puppetry were introduced by the yakshagana artists. Colored figures created by leather were made to act with sticks and strings. The stage was made with a white translucent cloth on which the dancing images of the puppets were projected with the help of lighted kerosene lamps. Tales from the sacred Hindu scriptures, Ramayan and Mahabharatam are demonstrated to the audience. The puppeteer generally gives the voice; his wife and children to put up voice for additional characters of the puppet. Background music is jumbled with the story of Indian musical instruments such as harmonium or a Mukha-veena. Puppeteers are also called to execute on particular occasions like birth, wedding and death. The storyline of their play depends upon the occasion, like on birthdays they enact “Krishna Leela” or the antics of Krishna, on weddings they perform “Girija Kalyana” or the wedding of Girija and on funerals they execute “Swargarohana” or ascent to paradise.
These performances not only have an entertainment value but also have ritualistic significance. A few actors take a vow of acting these plays to get a return privilege from their deities like good crop, abundant rain, or end to their miseries.
There are varieties of dances in India alone. Every state of this country has its own specific fashion in expression, gestures, makeup style and dress up. In fact, they've a god named Nataraja, who's considered to be one of the forms of Lord Shiva, as the superior creator of Indian dancing. The notable dancing forms of Indian peninsula are Odissi, Bharatnatiyam, Katthakali, Kuchipudi, and Mohini Attam that are executed in different parts of the country.
About the Author
Divya is a newbie to the theatre-arts would like to give a copy of information on different types of Indian theatre-art-tips.of Indian-theatre-arts
Hindus, why is Krsna represented in art so feminine?
I just started to learn about the Hindu religion, so please do excuse my beginning ignorance. So far, the few things I have read refer to Krsna as a "he" and "him," and his partner in artwork I was looking at on the web appears to be female. Why is Krsna represented in art with such strong feminine characteristics? Is Krsna considered transgender, or androgynous, or intersex, or hermaphrodite? Or are the outward feminine characteristics supposed to be symbolic of someone who balances feminine and masculine energies, in other words a male with quite a soft sensitive side?
Hotep,
It is the balance in the Universe. All of the ancient religions had a goddess concept; even judeo-christianity. The Father God of the bible is male and female combined. How else could IT say let US create man (meaning man and women) in our own image? However, after centuries of patriarchal influence, we have forgotten the goddess principle.
Salaam, shalom, peace
Mary Ann Sieghart: Women on top? You've got to be joking
What a depressing week it has been to be female. A psychopathically violent woman-beater and murderer is lionised. A film director who drugs and then sodomises a 13-year-old girl is let off. A famous actor tells his ex-partner she deserves to be "raped by a pack of niggers". And the Catholic Church elevates women's ordination to the same level of offence as child abuse. Thanks, chaps.
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