Chinese Collectable Calligraphy

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Chinese Collectable Calligraphy
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The first directive of the Islamic faith was: to study. Intellectual achievement was spurred through this Islamic ethos.

Educational Sources

Byzantine, Persian, Jewish, Egyptian, Syrian, Chinese, Indian and Greek civilizations were overwhelmed or massacred during the Expansion of Islam.

Each of these pre-Islamic cultures - over time - had developed their particular wisdom. A few non Islamic scientists, philosophers, mathematicians and doctors survived and became subordinate to Islamic dictum. Their role was to transmit their knowledge to the Islamic society.

The rivalry of Baghdad and Cordova

Abd-ar-Rahaman 1, (the legitimate Umayyan heir) fled from Damascus 750 AD, when the Abbasids (another branch of the bloodline family) murdered most of his family, seizing leadership of the Islamic Empire. Baghdad became the Abbasidian capital.

The Abbasids assimilated the (pre-Islamic) Sassanid Empire (Persian) and Syrian cultures. Similarly, they had translated Persian, Syrian, Indian and Greek manuscripts into Arabic. These translated versions became the prime source of information.

Originally, clay tablets, parchment or Papyrus were used for translations and preserving documents.

Papyrus perished all too easily - parchment was exorbitant.

It was possessing the "secret of Paper-making" - extracted from Chinese prisoners (Battle of Talas 751 AD) - which laid the cornerstone to Islam's educational development. Paper was an excellent technique for preserving documents.

Baghdad

During al-Mansur's reign (754 to 775 AD), a library was constructed in his palace. That library was based on a blueprint of the Sassanid Imperial Library. The use of cotton-paper facilitated the reproduction of those first translations.

Thirst for Knowledge was widespread. Students and teachers frequented an ever-growing number of libraries. Bookshops, likewise, sprung-up on nearly every street corner. Library clubs attracted elite social circles: rulers, notables and learned scholars.

The House of Wisdom - Baghdad

Caliphs' Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun (mutual reigns: 813 to 833 AD) founded the "House of Wisdom" society.

Sassanian translation for library: The House of Wisdom

The principle aim of this institute was for translation services and preservation of the transcribed works. Many eminent Muslim scholars collaborated in this society of research and education.

These libraries were the forerunners of the Moslem University in Baghdad, founded in the 11th century.

Observatories were added to the institute during al-Ma'mun's reign.

Classics studied: Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Socrates Pythagoras, Plotinus .

Specialized subjects were: mathematics, medicine, astrology, geography, zoology, and chemistry.

The House of Wisdom was destroyed by the Mongols 1258 AD.

Cordova

The rightful Umayyad heir, Abd-ar-Rahamn 1, settled in the al-Andalus capital of Cordova.

He declared himself Emir of the Independent Emirate 756 to 929 AD. Trade and commerce were needed to create stability and prosperity. Justice was the basis of Independent Emirate, sanctioning and co-existing with other religions and cultures.

Education was of supreme importance in Cordova

Abd-ar-Rahman 1, Abd-ar-Rahman 11, Abd-ar Rahman 111 and al-Hakim 11 were the most generous patrons of Cordovan educational institutes. The royal library of Cordova paralleled the House of Wisdom with its excellent collections by the time of Emir Abd-ar-Rahman 11's reign. Ransom fortunes were frequently paid for a rare manuscript. Even war prisoners were traded for books or manuscripts.

The Cordovan University was inaugurated inside the Mezquita. Scholarships were granted by Abd-ar-Rahman 111. Students travelled from all over Europe, to sit and learn from distinguished masters. There were no tables or chairs, students learned, sitting on their own mats. Libraries and hostels were constructed alongside universities. Book-collecting became a very popular hobby.

The Royal Library of Cordova was modelled on the bayt al-hikmah library of Damascus. Similar institutions were also built in Granada, Toledo and Sevilla. During the 10th century, Cordova matched Baghdad's status as the world's largest book-market. Thankfully for the students' presence, some copies of the translated works travelled abroad.

Though rivalry existed, Baghdad and Cordova Caliphates collaborated on the subject of education. Often new ideas would travel from Baghdad, either by visitors who went to study, or from masters imparting their knowledge, or vice-versa. The two Caliphates were continually stimulated with new discoveries and in-depth knowledge. Mankind had never witnessed a period of such intense learning and the seeking of truth.

For over one hundred years Cordova excelled in the Hellenic classics

Many subjects were taught in Cordova: astrology, philosophy, astronomy, history, geography, literature, poetry, surgery, medicine, architecture, calligraphy, metallurgy, mineralogy, mechanics, mathematics, meteorology, hydrostatics.

The Cordova Calender: the first agricultural/weather almanac, published in 961 AD, during the reign of al-Hakim 11, was significant in the field of irrigation and planting. Careful observation of botanical studies rendered spectacular affluence on every social level.

The studying, applying and transmitting of the collective knowledge gathered, was the cause of Moorish Spain's Golden Ages- most significantly - during the reigns of Abd-ar-Rahman 111 and al-Hakim 11.

Anne Costigan

Visit http://www.andalucia-andalusia.com/ and discover the multicultural heritage of Spain.

From Soultrean art - Andalucia, (Spain) was plundered for its silver - it became a Roman province - Germanic rule lasted two-hundred years - there were two Golden Ages: 1) Andalucia connected the Ancient world to the birth of the Renaissance, 2) Andalucia was the exit route to becoming a super-power in Discovery. All led to the wealth of the historic patrimony and architecture of Spain.

Lunar New Year Season, "tiger"-Type Sails By The Wind Sought-After Collectibles

Chinese Zodiac Chinese Zodiac unique folk culture phenomenon, Gengyin Year of the Tiger, and Tiger is also closely related to the theme of collections by the wind sail.

In addition, the tiger as King of Beasts, is a mighty symbol of the town house with the evil spirits of the function, also known as auspicious animal, while the "tiger" another homophonic "Fu" The meaning of Fu Yun comes in quick succession, so the Lunar Year of the Tiger to the , collecting auction market on the various forms of "Tiger", especially by people of all ages, the price is also a corresponding rise.

Around with a tiger jade, tiger's paintings hanging at home, put on the table only the Crystal Tiger ... ... there are many people and is doomed in this Year of the Tiger "Tiger" about.

Tiger painting a meat and potatoes of

The advent of Tiger, tiger painting much everyone's attention. Collectibles market in Hangzhou Ya-Xin Yue Yuan Yuan white store owners, a five tigers Five Blessings paintings, many customers come to inquiries. Stores are greatly tiger wall words, but also were particularly noticeable. Tiger calligraphy and painting shops have become a major sign to attract customers.

The City of Arts, Hangzhou Yue Wang Hu Jin specially organized exhibition painting a tiger, not a day club opened the door, the door has gathered a lot of the audience, ultimately this is a tiger, love tiger, tiger painting exhibition of young artists were selling out of more than 20 million yuan.

Year of the Tiger this year, arrived in the Amoy tiger painting a good opportunity, but the price might well be the highest in 12 years. In a recent auction held in Hangzhou Qingyu first art auction and paintings of professional brokers, Mr. Zhan 30008 price, photographed by an artist painting a small tiger, starting price was 2,000 yuan .

"The painting in about 20 thousand yuan in normal photograph, but this year is the Year of the Tiger, the price rising in tandem." According to Mr. Chan introduced his boss is preparing a 100 tiger show, after nearly three years, has now collected about 60 Hu-painting, and are Shan-margin, Xiangning and other top artists work.

To help us collection to a good tiger paintings, Art City, general manager of Hangzhou Yue Wang Min Hu introduced a number of paintings tiger paintings, form almost no sketching, level is not high; while civil rights, Henan County, "Chinese Painting Tiger first village" out of tiger paintings, mostly flow-shop, a commodity painting. "Recognized the true picture of the famous Tiger Huade Hao few. Ancients said: hard to picture painted dragon tiger bone, such as tiger bone can, God manifested may have the potential to find work."

    Jade Tiger Collection attention to image and Jade

"You see, my pocket is a block of jade tiger that I bought four or five years ago. Then I started to spend 70 yuan, and now the value of at least 500 yuan." In Hangzhou collectibles market, Mr. Chen came to Taobao say.

Indeed, the tiger is auspicious and good fortune, a symbol of the jade itself is evil spirits, so the Tigers this year and the jade pendants, ornaments are very popular amongst customers. "Chinese New Year ago, a tiger engraved pattern Yu Pai and emerald, were bought by buyers, and prices rose a little point." Hangzhou Qiu Bao Zhai handicraft firm's owner, Wu Tie-qiu introduction.

But let a lot of collectors disappointed that the market works well jade tiger rare. "Election and the tiger the jade, one should pay attention to the image of two should pay attention to the quality jade. Tiger's shape is very important, and some poor imitation becomes a cat." WU Tie-chiu says.

100 large group collections, Hangzhou Qiu Cai, director of market operations would have been pointed out that the tiger is the King of Beasts, has its fierce and dignified frightening aspect, but also arouses advocates sought after side, so that collection of investment-related themes collection with particular attention to artistry. Dragon and phoenix like phenomenon as a totem, there is no clear-cut image, while the tiger is a well-known, women's well-known, works of art in a little bit bias, aesthetic on the greatly reduced. Therefore, collection and investment with the tiger on the theme of jade, which should be very particular on the blade, to reflect the tiger deterrent, according to the market that there is a vicious look, do not Xiangmaoyiyang docile.

You Bika cold in the hot market

"Although the tiger collectibles related to the fire than before, but another aspect is concerned, this type of subject matter and very much to flourish. On this subject is an annual, pay attention to risks, such as the 1986 Year of the Tiger stamp due to a circulation of factors, and other reasons, to now or not, while in 1980 it rose amazing monkey tickets, as well as collectors jokingly: I am really in the mountains no tiger, monkey king said. "Qiu Cai Yeung said.

According to Hangzhou, the owner stamp collection market, named Wu Wu Xiao Ping introduced in 1980, when the monkey face value of eight points a ticket, now the price rose to around 6,000 yuan, and the original is up compared with nearly 8 million times. An edition of 80 T46-wide goods relative to the monkey tickets, can buy an Audi had.

However, the circulation numbers of Lunar New Year Tiger vote would not come across it so good. According to Wu Xiao Ping introduced in 1986 when Tiger tickets face value of eight points, and now market price 1.5 Yuan / gold, only rose by nearly 20-fold. The second round of the 1998 Tigers tickets, two set of face value of 2 yuan, and now only 4.5-5 yuan rose to a set. This year's Tiger Par Value 1.2 Yuan / gold, it is still 1.2 yuan / gold.

You Bika monopoly owner of the same market, Mr. Li said that China Post's Year of the Tiger cards plus envelopes come in when the price of 5.5 yuan / month, before the Spring Festival and the month before Christmas, 4000-5000 sold in the market very Qiao . However, after the Spring Festival, the price will be dropped to 2.5 yuan / month. Overestimated the Lantern Festival, on only a few cents / month.

However, and tiger-related You Bika also is without exception there is no value to the collection. Collectors according to the number and subject matter good or bad circulation, to screen numerous collections, in addition to the collection needs to have a certain experience.

Mr. Li pointed to fifth set of yuan, "Jinhu send blessing" collection book said that the current price for this collection volumes of 230-240 yuan, which the yuan last four digits with the numbers, with a value for collection. In addition, the 98 Year of the Tiger-color gold, was 400 yuan, and now prices have been increased to 1 million; 3 months advance past five ounces silver color was brought 6200 yuan, and now prices have also risen to 7,000 yuan.
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