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Everyone has heard of Piazza San Marco, or in the English speaking world, Saint Mark's Square, and this is definitely the top tourist attraction among hundreds in Venice. It's a must-see place for its size, and for the absolutely amazing buildings that surround it, but being so full of tourists Saint Mark's Square doesn't really give you a true sense of the real Venice. For this you need to leave behind the crowds of tourists and visit some of the smaller squares of Venice.
Piazza or Campo?
There are about 100 different squares, of varying sizes, spread across the length and breadth of Venice, but only one of these is graced with the title 'Piazza' and this is Piazza San Marco. All of the other squares, regardless of what size they are, are called campi, or campo in the singular context, or sometimes perhaps Piazzetta in the case of the smaller Saint Mark's Piazzetta. The word campo actually means field, and many of the squares in Venice started life as a field, or at least as an area for cattle to graze!
Piazza San Marco
Despite the huge number of tourists and pigeons you'll be sharing your space with, Saint Mark's Square is spectacular and you cannot help but be awed by what you'll see here. It dates back to the 9thcentury and was significantly enlarged to today's size back in 1177. The paving didn't come until the late 12thcentury but the paving design of today is more complicated in pattern than the original and was designed in 1723. After more than 150 years of frequent use the bricks were replaced, using the same pattern, in 1890 and those same bricks are now what you'll be walking on.
Piazza San Marco has always been known as the heart of Venice and it's home to many of the city's most important buildings. St Mark's Basilica, St Mark's Campanile, St Mark's Clocktower, and the Doge's Palace are just a few of the buildings within St Mark's Square.
Campo San Polo
Campo San Polo is the largest square with the title of campo, and is the second largest square in Venice after St Mark's Square. Campo San Polo wasn't paved until 1493 and before this it was a field used for grazing and agriculture. It's difficult to imagine now as you look around Venice that places like this would have been full of cattle at one time!
After Campo San Polo was paved it became a popular square for public events. Many different events have taken place here over the centuries including mass sermons and bullfights. Masked balls were also a common event in Campo San Polo, and today the square is used every year as a venue for the Carnival of Venice.
Lining the edges of Campo San Polo you'll see several historical buildings including San Polo Church. The church itself dates back to the 15thcentury while the campanile (bell tower) was built in 1362. Also on the square is the 16thcentury Palazzo Tiepolo which like many other palazzi has been converted into a smart hotel.
Smaller Campi in Venice
Find yourself a good map of Venice and explore off the beaten path, seeking out some of those hundred or so other campi as these will give you a taste of the real Venice. Campo dei Mori is one such square that although has a story to tell it's not overly frequented by tourists. It was home to the Mastelli brothers who came to Venice in the 12thcentury and their legacy remains in the square to this day with a statue of one brother in a corner of this narrow square, and statues of the two others standing over the doorways of the houses they once lived in.
The most famous resident of Campo dei Mori though was the painter Tintoretto who lived in a house on the square for his final 20 years. The house in which he lived has a plaque outside though the home is not open to the public.
Christopher Auriol is a traveller with an interest in European history and culture. Visit his site for more information about Venetian Landmarks and the Venice Carnival.
The Early Histories of the Ancient Celts (Part 2)
The basic sanctuary was the home and the hearth, often only family members could approach the hearth. These were in most cases highly decorated and contained many fire tools; it was their centre, each family performing rites, sacrifices to the 'House God', to protect the house and family. The many fire tools were for sacrifice of garlanded rams and horses, ready to feed the Gods and people.
The hearth was used for banquets, with elaborate utensils for eating, as found through archaeology. The best record of the banquet was by Posidonius, quoted by Athenaeus; the Celts sitting on dried grass, with their meals on slightly raised wooden tables. The food consisting of some small bread loaves and a large amount of meat. The meat being bitten off the limbs whilst being held in both hands, sitting in a circle with the leader, or the most influential in the middle, with the next in superiority next to him and so on.
The Celts often fought each other in hand-to-hand mock battles, which could lead to death when they got out of hand, unless separated by the others. In the earliest times, the hind quarters were often fought over to show bravery, often to the death.
It was at the feast or banquet that 'Gifts' were made. This was a redistribution of wealth, with an elaborate debt structure binding all the members together. Receivers of 'Gifts' repaying the giver in kind, loyalty and service, in the extreme the recipients life could be the repayment. This system of 'Clientage' has been documented in myth and the ancient laws of Ireland and Wales.
The Celts feasted with burial items for the 'Otherworld'. These are known from Irish and Welsh mythology, Manannan's Feast of Wisdom, the Feast of Bran's head with companions, Giobniu's Feast where the participants neither aged or died. Otherworld Feasts usually featured an ever full cauldron, or reincarnating animals to be slain again the following day. Flagons of wine with drinking vessels, animals with hearth implements were left as 'Grave Foods.'
The Cult
In the very earliest times, the King or Queen held sacred power. As part of their sovereignty, they would have done divination, carried out sacrifices, identified sacred springs, natural features, and religious duties for the Clan, including becoming the ultimate sacrifice in times of trouble, according to mythical sources.
The Continental Celts were beginning to build cities from 200 BC, leading to secular administration by judges. Some cities were built around commercial centres, others around sanctuaries and schools of religion, and some around military strongholds. The archaeologists still have some way to give us civic rituals of this period.
The enclosure with ditch and maybe a wooden fence was the most common form of settlement around 500 BC-250 BC. There would have been interior pits and posts for sacred spaces and sacrifices, interior wooden buildings would have followed. It is document these sites with items made from wood, and many sanctuaries dismantled and hidden by their worshippers upon conquest. The post holes can give a good key to the archaeologists. Further problems were in the fact that the sites were often built upon in the building of Romano Celtic temples, but since the form of the temples was similar, just the materials used in construction different, amalgamation was not difficult.
Most of the Romano-Celtic Temples had a central sanctuary surrounded by a covered walkway within a precinct enclosed by walls and ditches, though some had additional buildings and divided sanctuaries. These buildings were not for congregational worship, with their small shrines for statues of their Gods and sacred symbols. They had openings for the worshippers to view the items in the sanctuary, any large gatherings were held in the courtyard enclosure. The sanctuary enclosures were normally rectangular, with the occasional round one. They were dedicated to a specific God with particular requirements, with posts, lintels, gates and other features of the wood fence were highly decorated, carved, painted and hung with offerings. The entrance was a very important feature. In early ditch enclosures there was a break in the ditch, fences forming gates, with monumental porticos. At Gournay in France, on the footbridge over the ditch the entrance was hung with human skulls, and two large heaps of cow skulls and weapons were stacked on each side of the ditch. These were probably the result of retaining successive decorations.
A post, pit or building would have indicated the centre of the sanctuary. Being closest to the Otherworld and farthest from the outer world, a line of posts with directional and astronomical significance were aligned around the centre. The size of the pit and number of pits were determined by the size of the settlement. One site in Czechoslovakia was 11 x 8 x 2 metres deep. Many pits were 10 pits grouped in threes, with one central pit. Sacrifices occurring in the central pit, with sacrificial animals being placed in the smaller pits to decompose, and then thrown into the perimeter ditch. It was a common belief in the ancient world for these pits to be seen as entrances to the Underworld.
The entrance to a city was an particularly important ritual area. In many British hill forts, ritual pits have been found at the entrance and along the main track way, with horses, humans, and more rarely dogs buried there. It is not clear whether the human burials are sacrificial of deposition.
The writer Strabo, tells us how Celtiberians worshipped an unnamed God at full moon; 'They perform their devotions in company with all their families in front of the gates of their townships, and hold dances lasting throughout the night.'
Other classical writers mentioned the practice of choosing a figure within the community. They were kept richly for a year, before being ritually killed to cleanse the people from evil spirits. As the original source of this evidence is lost, it is difficult to say where this act took place, but one writer places it at Marseilles, France.
Shrines were built along borders where rituals could take place before going into battle, and for thanks giving after victory. Often sacrifices were promised before the battle and were carried out at these shrines. There are many alters dedicated to various Gods with inscriptions reading how the named person 'gladly and willingly fulfils his vow', only rarely however do they specify what the God had done for them.
Before being influenced by the Mediterranean cultures, the Celts did not attribute their Gods to a particular being. There were statues of boars, horses, bulls, bears, birds etc, long before there were any ones featuring humans. We do not know whether the people saw the animals as symbolic of the forces of nature, or whether there were attributes of the animals revered as being associated with the Gods. Some Gods later given human form are inextricably linked to specific animals; Epona with horses, Cernunnos with stags, Artio with bears and Arduinna with boars.
At Gournay-sur-Aronde there is a huge collection of animal bones, the horses and cattle are elderly and show no signs of butchering, whilst the pigs and sheep were young and consumed. Maybe the horses and cattle were revered and brought to the site for ritual burial.
At South Cadbury Camp near Glastonbury (England) there were horse skulls, all carefully buried right side up.
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Muslims, Christians, Jews: "Let US make man in our image", does it mean the trinity exists?
Gen 1:26¶And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
It doesn't mean god is a trinity.
In the semetic languages such as Arabic, aramiac, Hebrew.
There are two types of plurals:
1) The plural of number.
2) The plural of respect.
The verse doesn't mean god is a trinity. if you say that then he can't be one he has to be three according to you.
You can't have it both ways, he is either one or three, not both.
This verse and many like it refer to the plural of respect. it only glorifies god.
Like when a king says: "We have decided" or "come join us"
it has much more statues then saying "I have decided". "come
join me".
If you don't believe me as an expert in the semitic languages.
Qur'an 2:85 "...Do you then believe in a part of the Book and disbelieve in the other?..."
This is the Problem with christians, God has made it very clear.
Qur'an :
[112.1] Say: He, Allah, is One.
[112.2] Allah is He on Whom all depend.
[112.3] He begets not, nor is He begotten.
[112.4] And none is like Him.
Suspects arrested for home break-ins, stealing cows
Four Taylorsville men are facing charges for breaking into homes, stealing cows and stealing an Indian statue. Richard Eugene Pennell, 30; Jonathan Donald Bandy, 19; and Avery Embler, 17 have been charged with multiple counts of Breaking and Entering into residences, and Larceny of Cattle.
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