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Asian Tibet
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Organizations around the world has been realizing the cultural diversity within organization is not a negative aspect, rather can facilitate organizational stalk for glory (Papers4you.com, 2006). However it is not an easy task to manage employees with different cultural backgrounds. Nevertheless there are many policy guidelines that can make task easy.
On a broader perspective, cultural diversity can be manage through communicating (creating awareness among all employees about diverse values of peers through communication), cultivating ( facilitating acknowledgement, support and encouragement of any employee' success by all other workers), and capitalizing (linking diversity to every business process and strategy such as succession planning, reengineering, employee development, performance management and review, and reward systems) strategies ( Cascio, 1995).
There are many different innovative ways that organizations have adopted to manage diversity. For instance Tabra Incorporation, a small manufacturer of jewellery and accessories in California comprised of modest workforce is composition of Third World immigrants from Cambodia, China, El Salvador, Ethiopia, India, Laos, Mexico, Thailand, Tibet Vietnam and other nations. To acknowledge importance of their cultural association, at least 10-12 different flags are always hanged from the ceiling of its main production facility which represents the countries of origin of the employees. The owner's view point is 'I would like for this to be a little United Nations everybody getting along and appreciating each other's culture instead of just tolerating it'. (Bhatia & Chaudary, 2003)
If cultural diversity can be managed effectively, there is a potential to use diverse workforce for organizational benefits. Cox and Balke (1991) asserts that multi-culturism is directly linked to organizational success as
Effectively managed multi culture companies have cost effective competitive edge
It helps in promoting minority friendly reputation among prospective employees
Diverse cultural corporations help to get better customers which has a variety of people
Diverse group of employees are perceived to be more creative and efficient in problem solving as compared to homogenous group
Ability to manage cultural diversity increases adaptability and flexibility of an organization to environmental changes.
Many organizational examples can be taken in this regard. In Australia, for instance, Hotel Nikko in Sydney has unique edge that staff members in direct guest contact areas speak a total of 34 different languages. Similarly Qantas Flight Catering has sixty-six nationalities on staff, with various overseas-born chefs. So dedicated diverse 'ethnic' kitchens gave Qantas a huge competitive edge that offers food based on customer's ethnic taste and requirements. Moreover Don's Smallgoods through literacy, language and cultural trainings increased cross-cultural communication and increased profits while lowering costs at the same time. Similarly The Cheesecake Factory had put special effort to understand Japanese quality and packaging culture as Asian employees assist management to understand Asian tastes so that they can target exports to Asia (Nankervis et al, 2002)
Hence the discussion suggests that it is imperative to realize that cultural diversity should be taken as a tool for better organizational progress rather than a managerial problem and if effectively managed, it can be a key to gain competitive edge and success
References
Bhatia, S., K., & Chaudary, P., ( 2003),'Managing Cultural Diversity in Globalization- Key to Business Success of Global Managers- Insights and Strategies', New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publication Pvt Ltd
Cascio, W., F., (1995), 'Managing Human Resources' International Edition, US: McGraw Hill.
Cox, T. H., & Balke, S., (1991), 'Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness' Academy of Management Executive, Vol 5, Issue 3, August 1991
Nankervis, A. Compton, R., & Baird, M., (2002) 'Strategic Human Resource Management'. 4th Edition. Victoria: Nelson Australia Pty Limited
Papers For You (2006) "P/HR/188. Views on diversity management", Available from Papers4you.com [19/06/2006]
Copyright © 2006 Verena Veneeva. Professional Writer working for http://www.coursework4you.co.uk.
Xinjiang Plays World Human Rights Stepchild to Rock Star Tibet
While Tibet has played the role of China's "rock star" to human rights activists around the world, China's Xinjiang Province has been treated more like an unwanted stepchild. One reason is that Tibet has a true rock star in the exiled Dalai Lama. Another reason is that the strife in Xinjiang involves Muslim ethnic minorities with alleged ties to the most hated man in the Western world -- Osama Bin Laden. All of this, however, is simply unfair because what is happening in Xinjiang in terms of human rights violations may be even worse than the Tibetan repression.
Xinjiang is China's largest province geographically but, with its extremes of heat and cold and desert climate, it is also one of its most sparsely populated. This province was formally annexed to the Manchu Qing Empire as early as 1759 but, for all practical purposes, it remained under the control of provincial warlords until the ascendancy of the Communist Party in 1949. That was when one of the most interesting, and possibly most ruthless historical events was ever perpetrated -- one that allowed China to bring Xinjiang under its iron-fist control.
During the immediate post-World War II period, Xinjiang was controlled by Stalin and the Soviet-backed East Turkistan Republic. Reluctant to support a nationalist Muslim regime on the border of the then-Soviet Central Asian republics, Stalin brokered what appeared to be a peaceful accommodation between the Muslim leaders of East Turkistan and Mao's government. However, the plane carrying the East Turkistan leadership to Beijing to negotiate the peace agreement mysteriously -- and all too conveniently -- crashed and killed all aboard. In the ensuing leadership vacuum, Mao's forces stepped in and assumed control of Xinjiang, an "autonomous province" in name only.
From an agricultural point of view, much of Xinjiang is a virtual dustbowl in no small part because of overgrazing, deforestation, overplowing, and the failed efforts of the central government to turn grasslands into farmland. However, beneath Xinjiang's dusty soil and mountainous steppes lies buried 40% of China’s coal reserves. Equally abundant and far more precious to the central government are oil and natural gas deposits that total the equivalent of about 30 billion tons of oil and represent one fourth to one third of China's total petroleum reserves.
Xinjiang is not just one of China's best bets for energy resources. Bordering eight countries in Central Asia and the Russian Federation, Xinjiang also has important strategic value. Central Asia can serve as a transshipment area for Middle East oil should war ever break out over Taiwan or China's various imperialist claims for oil reserves in the South China Seas. Central Asia republics such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstanalso have large petroleum reserves of their own that can help lessen China's Middle East oil dependence. For these reasons, China is building a vast network of modern infrastructure that includes railways, roads, and pipelines linking Xinjiang eastward to China's petroleum-thirsty industrial heartland and west and north to Central Asia and Russia.
In Xinjiang, the majority of the population consists of a Muslim Turkic people called the Uighurs. These Uighurs face some of the harshest and most repressive measures in the world under the jackboots of Chinese Communism -- arguably even more oppressive than what the Tibetans face. Any independent religious activity can be equated to a "breach of state security," activists are regularly arrested and tortured, and despite its sparse population, Xinjiang's ethnic groups suffer more executions for state security crimes than any other province.
Tragically, repression in Xinjiang has only intensified in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. The Chinese government seized upon this attack on American soil as a golden opportunity to cut a very clever deal with the United States. China would support the U.S.war on terrorism if the United States would agree that the separatist activities of the Uighurs represented not simply an indigenous rebellion against autocratic rule but rather a legitimate terrorist threat with ties to Al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden. As part of its deal with America, China now defines a terrorist in Xinjiang as anyone who thinks "separatist thoughts," and Xinjiang's jails are crowded with such pseudo-terrorists.
Although China's iron-fisted repression in Xinjiang borders on the unbearable, what sticks most in the Uighur craw is the ongoing "Hanification" of Xinjiang. As a matter of policy, for decades the Chinese government has sought to pacify Xinjiang by importing large portions of its Han population from other, primarily poor areas -- and even by despicably exporting young Uighur women of child-bearing age out of the region. Consider this chilling passage from Reuters:
China's government is forcibly moving young women of the ethnic Uighur minority from their homes in Xinjiang to factories in easternChina, a Uighur activist told the U.S. Congress on Wednesday. Rebiya Kadeer, jailed for more than five years for championing the rights of the Muslim Uighurs before being sent into exile in the United States, called for U.S. help in stopping a program she said had already removed more than 240,000 people, mostly women, from Xinjiang. The women face harsh treatment with 12-hour work days and often see wages withheld for months. . . . Many suspect that the Chinese government policy is to get them to marry majority Han Chinese in China's cities while resettling Han in traditional Uighur lands. . . .
Today, as a result of these policies, the Han population is rising at a rate twice as fast as that of the Uighur population. Rather than being pacified or tamed by the growing Han population, the Uighurs are simply becoming more and more radicalized. There is a very bitter and dangerous irony in this ethnic strife reported in the Economist: Whereas the Uighurs historically have been "among the world's most liberal and pro-Western Muslims, fundamentalist Islam is gaining sway among young Uighur men." Today, "Uighurs report that small-scale clashes break out nearly every day between Chinese and Uighurs in Xinjiang’s western cities."
It is unlikely that a full-blown guerrilla movement will emerge in Xinjiang to engage Chinese forces in an Algerian- or Vietnamese-style revolt. The populace is simply too small, and Chinese security forces are too big and powerful. However, in an age of "suitcase" nuclear bombs and biological terrorist weapons, China is increasingly exposed to attacks from Uighur separatists at soft target points such as the Three Gorges Dam or any one of its teeming cities. Indeed, as we have seen in a series of recent attacks, Uighur separatists are showing an increasing ability to strike at Chinese targets.
The question ultimately for this conflict -- and the fate of the Uighur people -- is how this conflict will be judged by world opinion. Will the Uighurs be seen for what they are -- a ruthlessly oppressed people being gradually exterminated through the policy of Hanification? Or will the taint of a Bin Laden connection prevent the same kind of world outrage that we now witness over Tibet? It is an open question -- and one that the Chinese government itself could deftly sidestep if it simply began to treat its autonomous regions as truly autonomous.
©2008 Peter Navarro
About the Author
Peter Navarro is a professor at the Merage School of Business at the University of California-Irvine, a CNBC contributor, and author of The Coming China Wars (FT Press). www.peternavarro.com
Do you know of any free volunteer or work abroad programs?
I'm looking for a year long volunteer or work abroad program in somewhere like china, japan, or tibet, but a few other asian countries would be fine. I can pay for only about a 3-500 dollar fee, and want to stay about a year. All i have is a high school transcript with good grades, and I need a place that provide accomadation or money for it.
No, they often ask for money.
If your American what about peacecorps? you don't have to have a college degree but it does help your chances of being accepted. You must be at least 18.
Photos 'show Himalayan glaciers receding'
When British climbing legend George Mallory took his iconic 1921 photo of Mount Everest's north face, the mighty, river-shaped glacier snaking under his feet seemed eternal.
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